Assurence - 6702 Words

Assurance Hand Note Professional Stage-Knowledge Level By: Shafique Ahmed-Sr. Officer (Internal Audit-BSRM) Assurance CA in Bangladesh www.facebook.com/cainbd 1 Assurance Hand Note Professional Stage-Knowledge Level By: Shafique Ahmed-Sr. Officer (Internal Audit-BSRM) CONTENTS OF ASSURANCE 01. 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 Preliminary of Assurance: Assurance Engagement: Key elements of an assurance engagement: Levels of assurance Objective of an Audit: True Fair Why is assurance important? Why can assurance never be absolute? Professional ethics: Basic principle governing of an audit: Threats and safeguards: Suggestion to improve or safeguard against threat: ICAB Code 02. 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06†¦show more content†¦A written report in appropriate form Assurance reports are provided to the intended users in a written form and contain certain specified information so that the user ensures that key information is being given and that the assurance given is clear. 2) 3) 4) 5) 1.03 Levels of assurance a) b) Reasonable assurance engagement that is â€Å"A high, but not absolute level of assurance† ensures to obtain sufficient and appropriate evidence. Limited assurance engagement that sufficiency and appropriateness to obtain evidence is lower level. 1.04 Objective of an Audit: The objective of an audit of financial statements is to enable the auditor to express an opinion whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with an applicable financial reporting framework. 1.05 True Fair True: information is accurate and conforms with reality, not false and conforms with required standards and law. The accounts are correctly take out from the books and records. Fair: information is free from unfairness bias with compliance expected standards and rules. The accounts should return the business matter of the company s underlying transactions. 1.06 Why is assurance important? a) b) c) d) e) Independent professional verification given to the users. Enhance confidence to the stakeholder Enhances the credibility of the financial information. Help to prevent errors or frauds and reduce the risk of management bias. Where problems existShow MoreRelatedAuditing and Assurence Services Chapter 2 Solutions5275 Words   |  22 PagesCHAPTER 2 Professional Standards LEARNING OBJECTIVES | | | | | | |Exercises, Problems, and | | |Review Checkpoints |Simulations | | Read MoreIti Industrial Training Report16491 Words   |  66 PagesRESOURCE 4.2. PLANNING 4.3. METERIAL PLANNING 4.4. PRODUCTION PLANNING 4.5. STORE] 4.6. SHIPPING 4.7. DOCUMENTATION 4.8. COMMERCIAL 4.9. INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 4.10. SALESamp;BILLING 4.11. PURCHASE 4.12. MARKETING 4.13. QUALITY ASSURENCE 4.14. PRODUCTION 4.15. VIGILANCE 4.16. INTERNAL AUDIT 4.17. FINANCE | 16-19202122-2324-2526272829-3132-3334353637-4041-5051-5657-63 | 5. | CONCLUSION | 64 | 6. | BIBLIOGRAPHY | 65 | 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. ABOUT INPLANT TRAINING In Plant

The Forbidden Game The Kill Chapter 15 Free Essays

string(17) " far as she got\." What came next was not a verbal shout-if it had been, Jenny would have thought it was Tom. It wasn’t even a word exactly, more a wave of energy. And the energy was sheer negation, opposition. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Kill Chapter 15 or any similar topic only for you Order Now No! No! Stop. The mist uncoiled. Jenny’s vision unblurred. She was standing, gasping, a little closer to one of the cave entrances. Tom and Dee were shaking their heads, wiping their faces, as if to get rid of some blinding haze. They were panting, too. Everyone seemed on the verge of hysteria. But the shout had come from Julian. He was standing in the middle of the room. Desperate hope leaped inside Jenny-maybe there was something he could do. But the next moment the hope folded and collapsed. â€Å"You know the law,† the tall Shadow Man repeated blandly. And Julian’s eyes fell. They’re playing with us, Jenny realized dimly. With Julian, too; they like to see anybody suffer. They didn’t stop because he yelled at them, they stopped so they could draw it out a little longer. Another Shadow Man spoke. This one had liver-colored skin, with splotches here and there as if he’d been burned by acid. The white of one of his eyes wasn’t white at all, it was red, red as rubies, red as blood. â€Å"Nothing can stop us from taking her-unless someone else is willing to go in her place.† It took Jenny several heartbeats to get her mind around that. She wasn’t thinking properly anymore. Then she remembered-her grandfather. They’d said exactly the same thing to him. A life for a life. Someone must go in her place. And her grandfather had, and now Jenny had rescued him and broken the bargain, and brought everything back to the starting place. And meanwhile the terrible silence went on and on and on. Then she heard a voice, a voice that was quite calm and devil-may-care-and human. â€Å"I’ll go.† Tom had stepped forward. His dark brown hair was neat and short and his smile was rakish. He said it as if he were offering to go out and get pizza for the baseball team. And he looked wonderful. Somehow he managed to make his rumpled and frost-touched clothes look like the latest fashion. He stood casually, and there wasn’t a trace of fear in his expression. For a moment, without thinking of anything else, Jenny was simply proud of him. Fiercely, passionately proud that a human, a seventeen-year-old who hadn’t even heard of the Shadow Men until a month ago, could stand up to them like this. Could conceal his terror and smile that way and offer to die. That’s how I want to die, Jenny thought, and a strange serenity came over her. I want to do it well-since it has to be done. And I hope I have the courage, and I think-I really do think-that I just might. We’ll see. Because of course there was no possibility of letting them take Tom. She would never allow that. Before she could say so, though, there was a short, wild laugh. Dee was beside Tom, her head thrown back, her eyes flashing like a jaguar’s. She was as beautiful as some goddess of the night-some warrior goddess who’d just sprung up to defend her people. And she was grinning, the old barbaric grin that contrasted so oddly with her delicate features. The grin that Jenny hadn’t seen since Audrey had gotten hurt. â€Å"No,† she said to Tom. â€Å"You won’t go. I will.† She was breathing very quickly, and laughing-she seemed almost exuberant. â€Å"Jenny needs you, you jerk. She’d never let you do it. I’ll go.† â€Å"Just back off, Dee,† Tom said softly. His eyes were oddly tranquil, even dreamy, but there was something frightening in his voice. At any other time, Jenny thought, Dee would have backed off. Now she just laughed. She looked like Dee-reckless, warlike, and unconditionally loyal-but she looked like more than herself, too. A greater Dee. â€Å"It’s my choice,† she said. â€Å"I know what I’m getting into.† And then, as Jenny listened in disbelief, other voices joined in. â€Å"She’s my cousin,† Zach said. His face was sharp as a blade, and there was an intense, clear light in his gray eyes. He moved to stand sword-straight beside Dee. â€Å"I’m her blood relative. If anyone goes, it should be me.† Audrey and Michael had been whispering hastily together; now they stepped forward. Audrey’s burnished copper hair was loose on her shoulders, and with her white clothing she looked like some kind of virgin sacrifice. Not elegant but exquisite, and holding herself with pride. Her skin was camellia-pale, and her voice was cool and steady. â€Å"If everybody else is going to be a hero, then we can, too,† she said. â€Å"The truth is that Jenny’s worth more than any of us, and we all know it. So, now. You can take your pick.† She looked at the Shadow Men. She very nearly, Jenny thought, tossed her head. â€Å"Yeah,† Michael said. â€Å"The only thing is, we figure we’ll go together, her and me. You know, for company, right?† He gave a No Big Deal shrug, and then his mouth trembled violently, and he grabbed for Audrey’s hand. He looked for a moment as if he were going to be sick, but then he wiped his mouth and stood facing the Shadow Men squarely. There was a curious dignity about his stocky little figure. Jenny’s throat was so swollen that she could barely breathe. She was opening her mouth, though, when something like a small blue thunderbolt shot into the clear space in the middle of the room. â€Å"Oh, please don’t take Jenny,† Summer gasped. She was looking utterly terrified and as fragile as spun glass, and there was a wild blankness in her eyes. Her words came in an incoherent rush. â€Å"Please -please-you can’t take her. I’m not brave or smart-I should have been dead in the paper house, j__† That was as far as she got. You read "The Forbidden Game: The Kill Chapter 15" in category "Essay examples" She collapsed like a bird shot out of the sky, and lay in a pool of blue until Zach picked her up. He held her-Zach, who never paid attention to any girl. The Shadow Men were pleased. Jenny could tell. This was probably turning out to be a much better game than they ever could have hoped-much better sport. They had seven mice to play with, and they were clearly loving it. â€Å"Are you sure you know what you’re offering?† the one with the crocodile eyes asked gravely. â€Å"We could explain to them,† the one with the bloodred eye suggested. â€Å"Tell them exactly what they’re in for.† â€Å"How we mean to enjoy them.† Other voices joined in, and the Shadow Men moved in closer. A wave of revulsion went through Jenny at the sight of them, as if she were seeing them for the first time. They were old as spiders, old as stone. They were-abominations. And the thought of them touching any of her friends was insufferable. It was time somebody put a stop to this. â€Å"That’s enough,† she said in a voice as sharp and dictatorial as Audrey’s. â€Å"You’ve had your fun, but the game’s over. I’m the one you want, the one that cheated you. So forget everybody else. Let’s go.† That was good, she thought, and a little wave of serenity came back. She was glad she could be as brave as the others. She was going to do this well, and that was all that counted now. The Shadow Men seemed to know it was over, too. The red-eyed one held out a hand to her almost gently. It had ringers like a gorilla’s-black, padded, thick as sausages and coming to a point at the ends. Jenny put her hand in his. The Shadow Man lifted his lips to show long, blunt teeth like tusks. Something knocked them apart. Jenny was knocked breathless, too, startled and confused. She thought it was some sort of attack. It was Julian. His hair was shining like lightning, like quicksilver. His whole being seemed full of elemental energy -of frightening intensity. And his eyes were the unbelievable, luminous blue of the precise moment before dawn. He looked at Jenny for just one second, and then he turned and she could only see the clean purity of his profile. â€Å"Go through the door!† he said. â€Å"That’s your way home. They won’t come after you.† He was between her and the Shadow Men. And apparently, unlike Dee, he could interact with them physically. At any rate, they were keeping back. â€Å"Go on!† he shouted. â€Å"We must have blood,† the crocodile-eyed Shadow Man said. â€Å"We will have blood.† â€Å"Hurry!† Julian shouted. Through the open door Jenny could see her grandfather’s hallway. â€Å"We have a right to a kill,† the crocodile-eyed Shadow Man said. From the air he snatched up something long and flat and incredibly ancient-looking. His fingers were covered in scaly skin like a dinosaur’s, Jenny saw. Then she realized what the long, flat branch must be. A runestave. Like the picture in her grandfather’s journal, except that this one was real-was more real than any object Jenny had ever seen. It was like some of the island worlds-the ones that were brighter and more substantial-looking than Earth. This stave was so real that it looked alive, throbbing with raw power. There were not just single runes carved on it, but lines and lines of them, tall and needle-thin. Even though they were delicately inscribed, each stroke stood out clearly. It was as if the cuts were filled with liquid diamond that shone against the background of wood. Jenny couldn’t keep looking at the runes. It was like trying to read in a dream-first the details were sharp, and then the whole stave seemed to be swarming with changes. The runes seemed to move before she could identify them. That’s the stave of life. If anything ever was, that’s the stave of life, she thought. The voice like faraway ice bells said, â€Å"Give her to us. â€Å"No,† Julian said. Jenny felt movement behind her. Tom. And Dee, and Zach supporting Summer, and Audrey and Michael together. They were all gathering near her, and their way was clear to the door. But nobody started for it. â€Å"What’s happening?† Audrey whispered. â€Å"You know what we can do,† the tall Shadow Man with the crocodile eyes said to Julian, and he held the runestave higher. â€Å"Go through the door,† Julian said, without turning. â€Å"We can unmake you!† the tall one shrieked, and in that moment his voice wasn’t beautiful. It was like an ice floe breaking, a cracking, smashing sound of destruction. â€Å"What are they talking about?† Tom said. His quiet, level voice helped Jenny. â€Å"They can cut out his name. If they cut out his name, he dies.† Then she said, â€Å"Julian-â€Å" â€Å"Go on!† he said. The Shadow Men were very, very angry. â€Å"We have a right to a kill!† â€Å"Then take it!† Julian shouted. â€Å"But you won’t get past me!† The thin, scaly fingers of the Shadow Man’s other hand were holding a knife. It looked like bone. It glittered like frost. â€Å"Come on, Jenny,† Tom said, not moving. â€Å"Julian-â€Å" â€Å"Go on!† Julian said. The knife rose and fell. Jenny heard herself scream. She saw the slash of the blade, the way the liquid diamond spilled like blood. There was a terrible gash in the stave now, a hideous blank space. A wound. They had carved out Julian’s name. Julian staggered. Jenny wrenched herself away from something that was trying to hold her and fell on her knees beside him. Her thoughts were wheeling and spinning, with no order to them. There must be something to do, some way to help†¦ . Really, she knew by his face that it was too late. The other Shadow Men were coming in a rush of darkness and freezing wind. Jenny looked up into the maelstrom and tried to lift Julian to his feet. Then hands pulled at her. Human hands, helping her get Julian up. And then Jenny was running, they were all running, half carrying Julian with them, and the door was right in front of them. Ice lashed at Jenny’s back. A freezing tendril grabbed her ankle. But Michael was pushing the door open and Summer and Zach were falling through it-and then Audrey was through, and then she and Tom and Dee were, with Julian. She felt the resistance as she crossed the threshold, the g-force that threw her off balance and made her stumble and land on her knees. The hallway was too small. There wasn’t room for all of them, especially with Julian a dead weight. The telephone table went crashing sideways. People were falling on one another. Jenny was kneeling on somebody’s leg. â€Å"Get out of the way! We need to close the door!† Dee was shouting. Everything was confusion. The leg under Jenny moved and she saw Audrey crawling away. She tried to crawl, too, dragging Julian. Tom picked up the telephone table and threw it over her head toward the living room. Dee kicked the door shut just as the storm reached it. â€Å"What about the circle?† Michael screamed. â€Å"Where’s a knife? Where’s a knife?† Jenny knew she had a knife, but she couldn’t move fast enough. Michael grabbed up something from the floor. It was a felt pen, the pen Jenny had used to sketch the rune circle. With a slashing motion, he crossed the circle out. The cross looked like a slanting X, like the rune Nauthiz. The rune of restraint. â€Å"You don’t need to do that,† Julian said, and his voice was very distant. Powerless. â€Å"They won’t come after you. They don’t have a claim anymore.† He was lying on his back, eyes looking at the ceiling. He was holding his chest, as if the Shadow Men had cut out his heart instead of his name. Jenny took his cold hands in hers. So cold. As if he were a figure carved out of ice. His face was that pale, too, and his beauty was like a distant fire reflected in an icicle. And it was strange, but at that moment Jenny seemed to see in him all the different ways he had looked before. All his many guises. The boy in the More Games shop playing acid house music too loud. The Erlking, in white leather tunic and breeches. The Cyber-Hunter, in sleek body armor, with a blue triangle tattooed on his cheek. The masked dancer at the prom, in a black tuxedo and shirt. It was as if each were a facet of a crystal reflecting back at her-and only now could she see the entire crystal for what it was. Julian stepping out of the shadows, soft as a shadow himself. Julian wearing Zach’s clothing, threatening her with the bees. Julian slipping the gold ring on her finger, sealing the bargain with a kiss. Julian leaning over her as she slept. Julian in the mining cave, his eyes dilated, his gaze shattering. And she had never really found the right description for the color of those eyes. At times it had seemed close to this color or that color, but when you got down to it, words really failed. It wasn’t like anything except itself. Right now she thought she could see something flickering far back in his eyes, like a twisting blue flame in their depths. â€Å"You can’t die,† she said, and she was surprised by how calm and matter-of-fact her voice was. And Julian, although his eyes were looking somewhere past her, and his voice was weak, was equally calm. He almost seemed to be smiling. â€Å"The law can’t be changed,† he said. â€Å"You can’t die,† Jenny said. Her fingers were very tight on his, but they only seemed to be getting colder. Everyone else had moved away. Jenny wanted to tell them that they didn’t need to, that everything was going to be all right. But somehow she knew better. â€Å"Did you know that Gebo isn’t just the rune of sacrifice?† Julian said. â€Å"I don’t care.† â€Å"It means a gift, too. You gave me a gift, you know.† â€Å"I don’t care,† Jenny said and began to cry. â€Å"You showed me what it was like to love. What the universe could be like, if.† Jenny put her free hand to her mouth. She was sobbing without a sound. â€Å"This is my gift to you now, and you can’t help but take it. You’re free, Jenny. They won’t come after you again.† â€Å"You can’t die,† Jenny whispered raggedly around the tears. â€Å"There must be something to do. You can’t just go out- â€Å" Julian was smiling. â€Å"No, I’ll dream another dream,† he said. â€Å"I’ve made up so many things, now I’ll just go into one. I’ll be part of it.† â€Å"All right,† Jenny whispered. She suddenly knew that there was nothing to be done, nothing except to help him all she could. There was something in his face that told her-a peace that was already gathering. She wouldn’t disturb that peace now. â€Å"You go into the dream, Julian.† â€Å"You don’t blame me?† â€Å"I don’t blame you for anything.† â€Å"Whatever else I did, I loved you,† he said. He stirred, and then added, â€Å"Maybe you’ll dream about me sometime, and that will help get me there.† â€Å"I will. I’ll dream you into a place without any shadows, only light.† He looked at her then, and she could see he wasn’t afraid. â€Å"Nothing really dies as long as it’s not forgotten,† he said. And then blue mist seemed to gather in his eyes and obscure the flame. â€Å"Go to the dream,† Jenny whispered. â€Å"Go quick, now.† His chest was still, and she didn’t think he heard her. But she caught the faintest breath of sound-not with her ears, but with her mind. â€Å"Your ring†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The hand that had been on his chest slipped, and Jenny saw the gold ring there. Jenny picked it up. The inscription on the inside had changed. The words were no longer a spell to bind Jenny. Before, it had said: All I refuse thee I chuse. Now it said simply: I am my only master. How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Kill Chapter 15, Essay examples

Community Health Profiles for Public Health

Question: Discuss about the Community Health Profiles for Public Health? Answer: Introduction Community health profiles are the health details of the people of the community and are a comprehensive report of the neighborhood health scenario. They look beyond the traditional health measures for defining a broader picture of health complications (Murphy 2015). Such profiles provide valuable and rich information on important health issues, serve as a critical source for bringing improvements in the health of the community, and are a valuable step towards participatory public health (Chow et al. 2014). The present health profile is of the Kensington borough in west London about the health topic of smoking. The health profile discusses the factors that affect the population, health profile of the population, factors influencing the contemporary health of the population, determinants, and indicators of influencing the contemporary health of the population, health needs of the population, factors influencing health choice and behavior, and recommendations for health improvements in the population. The health profile gives a clear picture of the health in the area and is designed for helping the local government and health services to understand the needs of the community and lay out some recommendations for better health outcomes. The main aim is to improve the health of the people and reduce health inequalities present among the population. The community health profile would be undertaken for understanding the internal and external factors that influence the choices and behaviors of groups in a community, for interpreting the epidemiologic and demographic indicators for the diverse population, and assessing the needs of the population in relation to health. The main aim of the health profiling is to complete the learning outcome of applying new concepts, analyzing and interpreting data and evaluating the evidence (Shin et al. 2013). Population One of the prominent boroughs of London is Kensingtoninwest London. As per the 2011 census, the borough had a population of 158,649. Out of this, 10% are Asian, 71% are white, 5% are multiple ethnic groups, 2 % are Black Caribbean, and 3.4% are Black African. The borough has a higher proportion (16.6%) of high earners than any other local government district. It has the highest number of workers in the financial sector, and the lowest proportion works in the retail sector. As of the statistics of 2010, life expectancy at birth for females was found to be 89.8 years. This is the highest in the whole of the United Kingdom. According to a survey in 2006, the residents of this borough are the most active in England about fitness activities and sports. The adult population of the borough has been mixed in comparison to the England on average (londonhp.nhs.uk, 2016). Factors that affect the population The factor that affects the population the most about health complications is smoking. Smoking is the main cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among the adult population. COPD is the long-term health complication that the population faces including disorders like bronchitis and emphysema. There lies a strong relation between smoking and high prevalence of smoking among the public (jsna.info, 2016). Health profile An estimated 21.5% of adults in Kensington smoke on a regular basis. The rate of smoking-related deaths is 252 on average. Emergency COPD admission, as well as readmission rates in Kensington, are similar statistically to the national average. However, almost 40 % of patients admitted for COPD in the hospitals have readmission within three months. Kensington residents are four times more likely have mortality due to COPD before attaining the age of 75 years when the comparison is done with people who live in the local authority with a high death rate of COPD(londonhp.nhs.uk, 2016). Figure 1: The prevalence of COPD at the general practice level in Kensington along with socio-economic deprivation level Figure 2: COPD pathway summary of people of Kensington (The spine chart is the indicator of how COPD data in the local area compares with the rest of England). Figure 3: Health information on people of Kensington in comparison to the rest of England Factors influencing the contemporary health of the population Socioeconomic status is a fundamental cause of negative health outcomes of the population. Socio-economic health differences are present around the globe, including the United Kingdom, and they are omnipresent over the geography of the country that includes this particular borough. People with low socioeconomic status in this borough are more prone to these negative health outcomes, including COPD from smoking. The groups of people having the low income are more prone to having taken up smoking as a result of a combination of factors like depression, pressure from peers. People having low levels of education are also included in this group, the reason attributing to poor knowledge of the negative impact of smoking. These people have more health complications, disability, and physiological risk indicators. Socioeconomic status itself in itself is the basic cause of health problems that works by many mechanisms for affecting health. It affects the health outcome through health-related behaviors, skills, and knowledge obtained from education, the ability to use wealth and income for purchasing things affecting health. People with higher levels of income have more chances of accessing care and are under regular medical care. The people of the borough have a majority of the population coming from the low economic background, and they have no health insurance coverage (sepho.org.uk, 2016). Determinants and indicators of the populations health, risks and morbidity rate The study of distribution and determinants of public health issues in the population of Kensington helps to understand the morbidity and risk factors including relative risk, attributable risks and their impacts on prevalence rates (Munn-Giddings and Winter 2013). The determinants of the public health focus on the disease pattern and the possible causes of the disease. In the case of Kensington borough, the popular public health issue for the adults associated with COPD and the possible cause is smoking (Pirie et al. 2013). Mortality is the ultimate indicator as it reflects the ultimate result of increased exposure to some risk factors like smoking. It is important to analyze the risks factors of the Kensington community that is affecting their public health. The analysis mainly depends on monitoring the occurrence of particular disease during a long time and identifying the threats. The Kensington community has a prevalence cardiac disease among adults at the age of forty, and the r ate is high among adult males due to smoking. The preventive strategy for the COPD has focused on making the community aware of the dangerous effect. Measurement of the disease in the community starts with the statistical data of a number of people in the population, the onset of the disease at the certain age, the period of the disease and the nature of disease progression (Bowling 2014). As stated by Edelman et al. (2013), Morbidity is associated with the extent of the disease and the occurrence of new cases of the disease. The factors that affect the physical, behavioral, psychosocial, and intellectual development of a population due to a prone health issue. Risk analysis measures the extent of an individual to contract a disease. The source of the COPD disease is associated with the regular smoking habit of the community. As a result, the injurious substances of the cigarette affecting the pulmonary function of the people. Attributable risk shows the portion of the population who are exposed to the disease. The prevalence rate of the health issues in Kensington borough measure the duration of a particular pulmonary issue and indicates any change in the duration pattern. Studies have shown that in recent years the community is facing some chronic problem on the pulmonary issue (Hughes et al. 2013). Health needs of the population As per Malthusian theory of human population, human population grows exponentially at an arithmetic rate. The theory states that poor living condition and working conditions give rise to low resistance to diseases and more obvious factor like the disease itself. This theory can be explained in the context of the present population, as the population of the borough is large, giving rise to some complications (Dean 2015). The increased issues of health condition across the borough show the relation between population health and health promotion. Health promotion helps the people of the Kensington to take control over the disorders and improve the health condition. The integrated model of population health and health promotion include some strategies to deliver useful health education and health awareness campaign (Bowling 2014). The borough needs some legislative changes to discourage the adult community to leave smoking. The strategic framework of the model shows that the health equit ably can be achieved if the Kensington community supports together. The model pays attention to three challenges- increase awareness regarding diseases, help to increase the capacity to cope with COPD condition, and reducing the health inequities (Pelegrino et al. 2013). Marmot theory says that heart disease and stroke incidents are dependent on the lifestyle, diet habit, and stress management. The theory suggests that a major proportion of Kensington community is accumulating stress that is leading to chronic heart disease (Meijer et al. 2013). Exposure to excessive stress is increasing the heart vulnerability of the people. Factors influencing health behavior and choice According to Herbig et al. (2013), many factors contribute to the health issues of an individual and community. The environment and the circumstances determine the health status of Kensington community. The education level, the relationship of the people, factors of living, the income of an individual have an impact on the overall public health of the community. Sometimes, people are unable to control some determinants of health. It has found in Kensington community that the higher earning and higher social status reflects better health, but a huge gap is present in health issues who are poor (Tisdell and Svizzero 2015). Lack of proper education is another thing that is encouraging the people to continue their smoking habits. Physical environment also plays a crucial role in the health status of the community. The environment includes safe and clean air, water, home, and locality. People who are employed in the healthier working environment are less prone to heath issues (Peck 2015). The Kensington community is rather congested that is critical for the health condition of the adults. Social support from the families and friends assists in better living. Customs, cultures, and the belief in relatives are essential for proper health choice (Embrett and Randall 2014). Conclusion The adult population in the Kensington has been smoking in a considerable level, and this is the cause of different health complications among the public, including COPD. Smoking is one of the main causes of death in adults, and the overall health impact is negative on the overall basis. By studying the theories of the population, it has found that the increasing volume of the borough is making the community more vulnerable to disease. Furthermore, the accumulation of stress is increasing the threat of chronic heart disease. Some other factors related to social and environmental issues are also hampering the health condition. Poor economic condition and lack of social support pushing the adults towards more severe health condition. Recommendation All patients having COPD still having the habit of smoking must be encouraged to quit smoking and must be offered help in all opportunities. Effective strategies are to be taken up the health department for reducing the exposure to nicotine. Smoking bans and restrictions are strongly recommended. Regulations and policies are to be in place for banning and limiting the consumption of tobacco. These include organization regulations, private business and employer policies, and government laws and ordinances. Ordinances and laws would establish minimum standards for protecting people from the influences of smoking. Community education is very important about reduction of smoking as people being more aware of the negative impact of smoking will eventually reduce smoking. Mass media campaigns are strongly recommended. Recurring and brief messages can be sent to the common people to motivate and inform the people to remain tobacco-free. For younger population, school-based interventions and other community education program are effective. This can be taken up along with other interventions. Increasing the unit price for tobacco would be another intervention. Modern technologies have to be utilized to the greatest extent for helping out people who want to quit smoking. References Bowling, A., 2014.Research methods in health: investigating health and health services. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Bowling, A., 2014.Research methods in health: investigating health and health services. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Brodie, C. and Perera, G., 2014. Physical activity: a needs assessment for Hammersmith and Fulham, Kensington and Chelsea, and Westminster. Chow, C.K., Corsi, D.J., Lock, K., Madhavan, M., Mackie, P., Li, W., Yi, S., Wang, Y., Swaminathan, S., Lopez-Jaramillo, P. and Gomez-Arbelaez, D., 2014. A Novel Method to Evaluate the Community Built Environment Using PhotographsEnvironmental Profile of a Community Health (EPOCH) Photo Neighbourhood Evaluation Tool.PloS one,9(11), p.e110042. Dean, M., 2015. The Malthus effect: Population and the liberal government of life.Economy and Society,44(1), pp.18-39. Edelman, C.L., Mandle, C.L. and Kudzma, E.C., 2013.Health promotion throughout the life span. Elsevier Health Sciences. Embrett, M.G. and Randall, G.E., 2014. Social determinants of health and health equity policy research: exploring the use, misuse, and nonuse of policy analysis theory.Social Science Medicine,108, pp.147-155. Herbig, B., Dragano, N. and Angerer, P., 2013. Health in the long-term unemployed.Dtsch Arztebl Int,110(23-24), pp.413-419. Hughes, L.D., McMurdo, M.E. and Guthrie, B., 2013. Guidelines for people not for diseases: the challenges of applying UK clinical guidelines to people with multimorbidity.Age and ageing,42(1), pp.62-69. jsna.info. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.jsna.info/sites/default/files/JSNA%20Kensington%20and%20Chelsea%202011%20Health%20and%20Well-being.pdf [Accessed 15 Mar. 2016]. londonhp.nhs.uk. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.londonhp.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/COPD-profile-Kensington-and-Chelsea.pdf [Accessed 15 Mar. 2016]. Meijer, A., Zuidersma, M. and De Jonge, P., 2013. Depression as a non-causal variable risk marker in coronary heart disease.BMC medicine,11(1), p.1. Munn-Giddings, C. and Winter, R., 2013.A handbook for action research in health and social care. Routledge. Murphy, C., 2015. Demographic and health profile of older adults utilising public health nursing services in Ireland: Findings from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). Peck, R., 2015. Kensington Center for Health: An Exploration of Health, Wellness and the Built Environment. Pelegrino, N.R., Tanni, S.E., Amaral, R.A., Godoy, I., Angeleli, A.Y. and Correa, C., 2013. Effects of active smoking on airway and systemic inflammation profiles in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.The American journal of the medical sciences,345(6), pp.440-445. Pirie, K., Peto, R., Reeves, G.K., Green, J., Beral, V. and Million Women Study Collaborators, 2013. The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: a prospective study of one million women in the UK.The Lancet,381(9861), pp.133-141. sepho.org.uk. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.sepho.org.uk/NationalCVD/docs/00AW_CVD%20Profile.pdf [Accessed 15 Mar. 2016]. Shin, P., Alvarez, C., Sharac, J., Rosenbaum, S.J., Vleet, A.V., Paradise, J. and Garfield, R., 2013. A Profile of Community Health Center Patients: Implications for Policy. Tisdell, C. and Svizzero, S., 2015.Rent extraction, population growth and economic development: development despite Malthus' theory and precursors to the industrial revolution(No. 73, pp. 1-14).

King Lear Act 3 Scene 7 Essay Example

King Lear Act 3 Scene 7 Paper In act three scene seven of the Shakespeare play of King Lear Shakespeare creates a dramatic impact for the audience. Shakespeare creates this impact by using characterisation, language and different ideas. In this scene of the play is the plucking out of Gloucesters eyes. The plucking out of Gloucesters eyes creates a dramatic impact on this scene. In the Elizabethan times, when this play was written, this was a common thing that would have happened. The common punishment for a dukes crime, which Gloucester committed, was beheading. So instead of this looking like an evil action, to an Elizabethan audience this would be entertainment. In the past and present this scene has attracted many people to watch this play, with the features of good against evil which contains blood and violence. Many of the audiences watching this scene feel discomfort watching the plucking out of Gloucesters eyes. The language that is being used by Shakespeare enhances this discomfort. An example of this language is when Gloucester says In the hell black night, which shows evil in the language, this evil language used by Shakespeare enhances the discomfort of this scene, evil is also shown when Regan had no hesitation when telling Cornwall to pluck out Gloucesters eyes. The discomfort from this scene helps the audience understand how the characters are feeling when Gloucester is having his eyes plucked out. The play of King Lear is a story of tragedy, which means that the people who are in the audience will have come to see violence, pain, death and suffering. The first death in the play of King Lear is in this scene. The character who dies is the servant. The servant is killed because he challenges Regan who was of a higher class than the servant was. In Elizabethan times challenging someone of a higher class than you was considered a bad crime. However, challenging someone of a higher class than you is not considered as bad now because of freedom of speech. So an audience watching this play now would think that a person being killed for challenging someone as shocking, whereas an audience watching this in the Elizabethan times would watch the play and think that the killing was a common thing to happen. Shakespeare uses the theme of Gloucesters eyesight in this scene. This is used a lot in this scene to show what a fool he has been, and that he should have realised what had been happening to him behind his back. This shows how alike Gloucester and Lear are, because Lear also was a fool and could not see what Gonerill and Regan had been doing to him behind his back. Before the plucking out of Gloucesters eyes he could not see what Edmond had been doing to him. When Cornwall plucks out Gloucesters eyes, Gloucester can not physically see what is happening, however he could then see what a fool he had been and how he had been used when his eyes had been plucked out by Cornwall. This shows that Gloucester could not see what Edmond had been doing, until ironically Regan reveals Edmonds treachery just as his eyes are taken from him. Then when Cornwall had plucked his eyes out he recognises the symbolic irony of his previous blindness to the facts until after his physical blinding. We will write a custom essay sample on King Lear Act 3 Scene 7 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on King Lear Act 3 Scene 7 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on King Lear Act 3 Scene 7 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Shakespeare uses the theme of eyesight in other parts of the play as well as this, to show foolishness. Gloucesters foolishness is shown when he says, I stumbled when I saw. Lears foolishness is shown when he says to Kent Out of my sight, then Kent says to Lear see better, Lear which identifies the lack of Lears knowledge and again is symbolised by blindness. Shakespeare likes to use blindness to show the foolishness of the characters. Shakespeare shows this in act 3 scene 7 when Cornwall plucks out Gloucesters eyes and after his eyes have been plucked out he realises his foolishness. The manhood of the male actors plays an important part in this scene. This is shown when Regan plucks Gloucesters beard, in the Elizabethan times doing this to someone was an insult, especially if it was a woman who did it to a man. This was an insult because having a beard showed manhood. If a beard of a man was plucked by someone this was showing that the person plucking the beard thought that the person who had his beard plucked is less of a man; this was more insulting if a woman did this to a man. Gloucester takes this as a terrible insult, which is shown when he says, Naughty lady, these hairs which thou dost ravish from my chin. The importance of manhood is also shown when the servant says, if you did wear a beard upon your chin, Id shake it on the quarrel, this means that he is saying if you were a man then I would fight you. For the audiences watching this play in present times there is a language barrier because the audiences watching this play would have to translate the play into Modern English. The audiences watching this play in Elizabethan times would not have to translate the play into Modern English. This would mean that the audiences watching the play in Elizabethan times would see the play from a different perspective than audiences watching the play today. Throughout the play of King Lear, Gloucester and Lears lives run parallel to each other. The lives of Gloucester and Lear are shown as being alike because both of them did not realise how other characters in the play were betraying them. Lear eventually realised how much of a fool he had been, giving his kingdom away to Gonerill and Regan and not to Cordelia, when Gonerill and Regan had lied to him but Cordelia had loved him and received nothing from Lear. Now Gloucester had been betrayed by Edmond his life was now very similar to Lears life because Lear had also been betrayed. They both realised how foolish they had been and not to have noticed what had happened to them. They were also similar when Gloucester had his eyes plucked out by Cornwall because Gloucester could then see how Edmond had betrayed him when Lear realised how Gonerill and Regan had betrayed him. In this play the evilness of women is shown. This is shown by the evil things that Regan would do to other people to get power. Regan also commits the first murder in the play when killing the servant and then when Gloucesters eye has been plucked out she taints Gloucester by saying that Edmond has betrayed him when she says, It was he that made the overture of thy treasons to us. Lear describes Regan as tender-hefted, in act 2 scene 4, yet she takes part in barbaric maiming and kills a servant. The theme of this scene is evil, which is shown throughout the scene by Regan and Cornwall. The theme of this scene shocks and disturbs the audience and portrays the evilness of the characters. Regan shows how evil she is in this scene by saying, before killing the servant, Give me thy sword; Regan says this without any hesitation or thought. This shows that she has no thought for anyone or anyones life, which shows how evil she is in this scene. Another theme in this scene is good against evil, which many people find exciting to watch in a play, which may be one of the reasons why King Lear is a very popular Shakespeare play. In act 3 scene 7 the evil language, theme and characters are used, however in the quarts version of the play, this scene closes with two other servants who decide to assist Gloucester and soothe the pain that he received when his eyes were plucked out. In theatres the interval is often placed at the end of this scene because this scene could be used as the end of the play because it is one of the most dramatic scenes of the play.

Janis Joplin essays

Janis Joplin essays Blues legend Janis Lyn Joplin was born on January 19th 1943, the eldest child of parents Seth and Dorothy Joplin. Janis was born and raised in the small Southern petroleum industry town of Port Arthur, Texas. Her father was a canning factory worker, her mother a registrar at a local business college. Her non-abberational upbringing coupled with the atmosphere of Port Arthur at the time; generally restrictive, intolerant, and unnurturing must've made even Janis' early childhood difficult. By all accounts, however, Janis seems to have been a "normal" and happy child, who fitted society's usual definition of "pretty". It was in Janis' adolescence that the hang-ups and hassles that were to affect the path of the rest of her life. In a sense, her rigid upbringing played a large part in making Janis who she was. This would never have been admitted at the time, but, predictably, the "Port Arthur" ethic created a fire inside Janis (the fire which later made her so famous) and kept it burning until her death. Janis' troubles began, when, as a teenager, her "good looks" gradually began to disintegrate, her soft blonde hair turned into an unruly brown mane. She also developed severe acne, which would scar her mentally as well as physically. Hence, Janis became something of a loner, an "ugly duckling"- somebody who no longer fitted society's absurd notion of "pretty." She soon began avoiding mirrors, and her anxiety about her looks was made worse by the constant taunts by peers, who rejected her and often made fun of her. When Janis found that society had rejected her, she simply rejected it. Janis raised on classical music and omnipresent country music back in Texas, discovered the blues of Louisiana. Janis was soon inspired to both learn and appreciate music, and its roots- her idols included Odettea, Leadbelly and Bessie Smith, who would have great influence on her subsequent musical career, especially her vocal style. By the time Janis gr...

Brutus The Tragic Hero Essay Research Paper

Brutus The Tragic Hero Essay, Research Paper In the drama Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, Brutus had many defects such as he trusted people, he had a scruples, and he had a lecherousness for power. Many times in the drama he made errors. He likely made more errors in the drama so any other character. Like other tragic heroes, Brutus had great promise and ability. One of the many ways Brutus was a tragic hero was that he trusted people excessively easy. The first clip he trusted anybody in the drama was when he joined the confederacy. He trusted the letters that were sent to him and so he trusted Cassius to take him in the right way. Then Brutus gave his trust to Antony to give a address and non state anything bad about the confederacy. Antony made the rabble angry and they went on a violent disorder. Brutus had a scruples. This is another defect. Brutus was an honest adult male and did some dishonourable things. After he acted dishonorably, he felt bad about it. For illustration he felt bad about killing Caesar. He had a guilty scruples about Caesar because he saw his shade. The shade was non truly at that place, it was Brutus? s scruples that made the shade appear. A good leader must non hold a scruples because it will acquire in the manner of what must be done. Brutus was power hungry. He ever had to hold the last word in a conversation and he wanted to be the leader. When Brutus joins the confederacy he became their leader. Then the plotters wanted Cicero to fall in, but Brutus did non desire it because he would lose power. When Brutus and Cassius were discoursing schemes, Brutus had the last word and they used his conflict tactics. Brutus had a lecherousness for power and wanted to be in charge invariably. Brutus was destroyed by his personal failing and hapless determinations. Brutus gave his trust to many people, had a scruples, and had a lecherousness for power. Those are many of the errors Brutus recognizes at the terminal of the drama. Brutus was one of the noblest work forces in the drama, if non the noblest. N/A

Assignment #4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

#4 - Assignment Example This depends on the manner of the devices orientation. Another reason is because it enables its users to customize the home screens they use with shortcuts for applications and widgets that allow the users display live content like weather contents and emails, on the home screen directly. 5. The changes made to /etc/network/interfaces fail to take effect because some of the components could be missing like the ID, the scheme such as HTTP, and an incomplete host name. Only the path is provided, and is not complete either. 6. A grep c, or grep command file name does allow someone to search multiple files or a single file for lines which contain a pattern. In a case where matches were fund, 0 is the exit status and 2 in a case where errors occurred. 9. (9a) DMZ global is a managed network service which enables secure connectivity between its client’s networks and their clients and business partners. A single pipe infrastructure is implemented between it and its client’s network .this terminates all client’s 3rd parties connections on the secure business exchange of DMZ Global and network infrastructure, doing away with the client’s necessity to maintain a complex onsite security environment. 15. The cron job, 30 22 5 * * prod /home/prod/transfermonfunds, means that, the URL, prod /home/prod/transfermonfunds will be requested by the server in every 30th minute of every 22nd day of the 5th day each

Short report for a project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short report for a project - Essay Example Lack of marketing promotions 2. The need to establish its own business network to get a strong customer base Solutions In addressing the huge networking and marketing gap between his business and potential customers, our team came up with three solutions that are beneficial to the business and includes designing business cards and logos, building a Facebook company page, and building a company website as an information resource. Introduction The agency we chose to examine and help was Rob Knapik Carpentry and Associates. The Rob Knapik Carpentry and Associates is a locally owned business that deals with wood products and repairs on wooden products. Rob has the qualifications of a certified carpenter. The agency focuses on building porches, cabinets, fixing bathrooms and repairing anything built out of wood. Rob Knapik Carpentry offers significant knowledge and skills to deal with wooden products and wooden repairs in a professional manner. Nevertheless, the agency suffers from the la ck of a solid local customer base emanating from its huge networking and marketing gap that limits the agency’s success. As such, our team looked at these problems and offered relevant solutions to the problems. Background Networking and marketing are very fundamental aspects of a business in the competitive market. In fact, without these aspects, the business losses its going concern, competitive advantage, and good will thus leading to losses or closure. Notably, local businesses like Rob Knapik Carpentry suffer these challenges due to lack of human and financial resources. The main problems faced by the Rob Knapik Carpentry are: Lack of marketing promotions The need to establish its own business network to get a strong customer base Deliverables In an attempt to address the problems facing Rob Knapik Carpentry, our group has established a mechanism to eliminate the networking and marketing gaps between this business and its potential customers. Our deliverables include: De signing business cards and logos Building a company website as an information resource Building a Facebook company page Our aim was to create a detailed logo that is easier to recognize and that which will boost the company’s face value. The logo will apply in the business ads, Facebook page, business cards, and on the company’s website. We also designed professional business cards to derive a large network in the carpentry business with an aim of boosting sales. Rob Knapik Carpentry’s business cards will be standard in size and bear the company’s name, contacts, and e-mail address. This will promote business networking in Rob Knapik Carpentry. Our team equally designed the company’s website that will entail background information, contacts, qualifications, and previous customer experiences. It will also offer a god chance for the customers to view the pictures and prices of certain company’s products. Moreover, the website will enable custo mers to comment on their recent experience with the company. This helps in marketing the company thus attracting customers. Additionally, our team created a Facebook page for Rob Knapik Carpentry free of charge, which is very significant for such a small business. Notably, advertising on Facebook is relatively cheap and covers a large audience since billions of people can access this social site all over the world. However, in this context, the company’s Facebook page advertises it products to customers based in the

A Night in New York City Essay Example for Free

A Night in New York City Essay On a late Saturday evening I was studying continuously when suddenly I heard a monotonous and awful scream which made me run out of the house immediately. When I reached outside I could not believe what I had seen. A two-storey and turquoise coloured house had caught on fire. People were rushing in and out of their square shaped houses bringing huge and heavy buckets of water trying to extinguish the ravaging and terrible fire. I was behind the crowd panicking, trembling and feeling afraid looking at the horrible and awful sight. The three people, the father, the mother and their daughter were trapped in the house screaming and crying continuously in pain and anger. Some people tried throwing big heaps of blankets to cover the fire but it was of no use. Instead the fire was increasing dreadfully. Others tried saving the helpless people from the burning house but did not succeed and received minor burns. I ran in the house, picked up the phone and called the fire brigade as quick as possible. I then ran outside and started helping the people who tried to keep the fire in control. In about five minutes the fire brigades had arrived showering loads of water on the house making all of us wet. The fire had extinguished and the people were saved but received second degree burns. They were rushed to the hospital immediately in a red and white ambulance. Everyone was relieved and really tired so they all returned to their respected houses peacefully. Only one thing was bothering us a lot, and that was as to how the fire had started.

Canada and Mexicos Viewpoints of NAFTA :: Free Trade Agreements Foreign Affairs Essays

Canada and Mexico's Viewpoints of NAFTA When the Canada/U.S. free trade agreement came into effect, the Mexican's were very impressed by the provision and opportunities that opened for both sides. Mexico then approached the U.S., seeking to form a similar agreement with them. This brought forth a new issue in Canada, should they let Mexico and the U.S. form an agreement without them? Or should they participate, thus transforming their deal with the U.S. into a trilateral agreement including Mexico.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On June 12, 1991, the trade ministers of Canada, the United States and Mexico met in Toronto to open negotiations for a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This was an historic occasion. For the first time ever, a developing country agreed to sit down with two industrial countries to craft an agreement that would open its economy to full competition with the other two countries. If successful, the agreement promised to make the whole North American continent into one economic zone and set an important precedent for trade and economic cooperation between the wealthy countries of the North and less developed countries of the South. The challenge before them was both exciting and daunting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A little more than a year later, the three trade ministers met again in Washington, to put the finishing touches on a new North American Free Trade Agreement. In just over a year the negotiators from the three countries had successfully met the challenge and put together a new trading frame work for North America. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was set to be implied.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The North American Free Trade Agreement often raises questions regarding the new economic trading blocs around the world. The twelve-nation European Community (EC), a Central American free trade zone, and a four-nation South American group, as well as preliminary discussions regarding an Asian trading bloc, all point to the fact that new economic realities already exist. NAFTA promises to have a major impact on the people in all three nations. There will obviously be short-term costs of adjustment, which will certainly hit some industries, regions, and workers harder than others. There will be definite winners in the agreement, and definite losers in the agreement. There even might be disputes. Whether as workers, investors, consumers, or ordinary citizens in all three countries they may be affected. The final verdict on the North American Free Trade Agreement, may in fact not fully be realized for many weeks, months, or even years. However, in the following essay, the advantages to both Mexico and Canada will be analyzed, as well as the disadvantages to Mexico. It is safe to say that the advantages clearly outweigh the

Mary Shelley tell us about the education Essay

â€Å"Nothing could exceed in beauty the contrast between these two excellent creatures† – has also learnt to think logically, to reason, given very well laid out reasons as to why they are so beautiful, backing up his argument. The next thing is one of the most important things which VC learns – it is a lesson of morals. He sees â€Å"several times [the younger cottagers] placed food before the old man when they reserved none for themselves†¦ I had been accustomed to steal some of their store, but when I found that in doing this I inflicted pain on the cottagers, I abstained†. This shows that he understands and acts out of compassion. He also â€Å"observes with pleasure† when he sees he has been of help. Still to come are the most important facets of VC’s education; the ability to read, to appreciate the highs and lows of human capability and to appreciate emotion as key to humanity. It is from â€Å"Sorrows of Werter† that VC learns about â€Å"the importance of emotion to any definition of humanity† (the English Review). This is complimented with the violent but apparently glorious history of man which â€Å"Lives† provides, giving VC a varied and balanced view of what beauty there is in human nature, and what horror there is, too. Paradise Lost is another book which VC stumbles upon; though this teaches him little in it self, the parallels which VC draws between it’s key characters and himself are important; he can see different aspects of each in himself. This shows the how VC has learnt to take something from a book and place into a real-life situation (â€Å"I ought to be thy Adam, but I am rather the fallen angel, whom thou drivest from joy for no misdeed†). By far the most important part of VC’s education is his learning to speak. Though it has been proved that it is impossible to learn language in the fashion that VC does, we must remember that this is just a novel. In his learning to speak, VC gains the ability to articulate the feelings inside him, the ability to read and the ability to communicate his dreams. He learns as Safie learns, being taught by Felix. Being taught to speak and listen to speech opens the door to all other avenues of Frankenstein’s learning; his learning about humanity is increased tenfold after this. Whether this is a curse or a blessing, however, is left for us to decide – after learning how to speak and read, VC sees just how outcast he is, just how far outside the circle of love that is there between Safie, Felix, Agatha and the old man. Once he can see the extent of his loneliness, and can grasp what potential there is – once he learns that there is more to life than suffering – he is gripped by an insatiable desire to be a part of society. Society’s rejection of him, it can be argued, is what turns him from a noble savage to an educated murderer. b Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

“Ocean Carriers” Case Essay

Assume that Ocean Carriers uses a 9% discount rate. 1) Do you expect daily spot hire rates to increase or decrease next year? (5 points) 2) What factors drive daily hire rates? (5 points) 3) How would you characterize the long-term prospects of the capesize dry bulk industry? (10 points) 4) Should Ms Linn purchase the $39M capsize? Make 2 different assumptions. First, assume that Ocean Carriers is a US firm subject to 35% taxation. Second, assume that Ocean Carriers is located in Hong Kong, where owners of Hong Kong ships are not required to pay any tax on profits made overseas and are also exempted from paying any tax on profit made on cargo uplifted from Hong Kong. (75 points) 5) What do you think of the company’s policy of not operating ships over 15 years old? (5 points) Solutions: 1) Daily spot hire rates should be determined by supply and demand. Supply: The number of ships available equaled the number of vessels in service the previous year plus any new ships delivered minus any scrappings and sinkings. Demand: The demand for dry bulk capesizes was determined by the world economy, especially its basic industries. As shown in Exhibit 5, since over 85% of the cargo carried by capesizes was iron ore and coal, the amount of iron ore vessel shipments approximately reflects the demand for dry bulk capesizes. The amount of fleet size reflects the supply of capesizes. As shown in Exhibit 3, the number of new ships delivered in 2001 is 63. Since there had been very few scrappings in recent years, and most of the capacity of the worldwide fleet of capesizes was fairly young, we can assume that the change of fleet size during 2001 mainly comes from these new ships.  Similarly, we can expect the fleet size in 2002 will be: 612+(612-552)*(33/63) ≈ 643 From Exhibit 6, according to the forecast of the consulting group, iron ore vessel shipments will be 445 millions of tons in 2002. We can compute the growth rates of supply and demand in 2002. We can see from the table above that the supply will grow faster than the demand, so I expect daily spot hire rate to decrease next year. This can also be explained according to the Linn’s analysis. With Australian production in iron ore expected to be strong and Indian iron ore exports expected to take off in the next few years, Linn took an optimistic view of the long-term market demand for capesizes. However, she also considered that imports of iron ore and coal would probably remain stagnant over the next two years while supply increases. We can reasonably anticipate that spot rates would fall in 2001 and 2002. 2) As mentioned in 1), daily spot hire rates are determined by supply and demand. Demand: As illustrated in the case, the demand for dry bulk capesizes was determined by the world economy, especially its basic industries. Over 85% of the cargo carried by capesizes was iron ore and coal. Production and demand for these products increased in a strong economy. Changes in trade patterns also affected the demand for capesizes. Supply: The number of ships available equaled the number of vessels in service the previous year plus any new ships delivered minus any scrappings and sinkings. Ocean carriers decided to deliver new ships or scrap old ships mainly based on the demand. Supply was also affected by the increases in size and efficiency the newer ships offered. Moreover, ages of ships affected the company’s scrap decisions and older ships receiver lower daily hire rates. In summary, the world economy, changes in trade patterns, the increases in size and efficiency of new ships (technology) and ages of  ships drive daily hire rates. 3) As illustrated in the case, with Australian production in iron ore expected to be strong and Indian iron ore exports expected to take off in the next few years, Linn took an optimistic view of the long-term market demand for capesizes. Linn expected that Australian and Indian ore exports would begin in 2003, and that new supplies would significantly increase trading volumes. Demand for capesizes would likely increase with these higher trading volumes, possibly boosting prices. From the table above, we can find that worldwide iron ore vessel shipments and charter rates had been very strongly associated historically. Iron ore vessel shipments and daily hire rate changed in the same direction. Moreover, 3-yr charter rates changed much more than iron ore vessel shipments, while spot rates tended to fluctuate more widely than 3-yr charter rates. As mentioned above, Australian production in iron ore expected to be strong and Indian iron ore exports expected to take off in the next few years. I expect worldwide iron ore vessel shipments to increase stably in the long run, which would have a positive effect on daily hire rates. In terms of supply, the number of ships available equaled the number of vessels in service the previous year plus any new ships delivered minus any scrappings and sinkings. As shown in Exhibit 2, most of the capacity of the worldwide fleet of capesizes was fairly young, there would be very few scrappings in next years. As shown in Exhibit 3, numbers of new ships delivered experienced a downward trend, which means the supply would  increase more slowly in the long run. As a result, daily hire rates would be expected to rise in the long run. I take an optimistic view of the long-term prospects of the capesize dry bulk industry. 4) According to the information in the case, we can get the following table: Operating days: Initially, 8 days a year were scheduled for maintenance and repairs. The time allotted to maintenance and repairs increased to 12 days per year after five years of operation, and to 16 days a year for ships older than ten years. Daily operating costs: For a new ship coming on line in early 2003, operating costs were expected to initially average $4,000 per day, and to increase annually at a rate of 1% above inflation. The expected rate of inflation was 3%. Expenditures for special surveys: Capital expenditures anticipated in preparation for the special surveys would each be depreciated on a straight-line basis over a 5-year period. Depreciation: The ship would cost $39 million, and the value would be depreciated on a straight-line basis over 25 years. Moreover, the ship would cost $39 million, with 10% of the purchase price payable immediately and 10% due in a year’s time. The balance would be due on delivery. In addition, Linn expected to make a $500,000 initial investment in net working capital, which she anticipated would grow with inflation. Capital expenditures for special surveys would occur in 2007 and 2012. The company estimated the scrap value to be $5M at the end of the fifteenth year. We have to consider tax loss when the ship is sold since the ship has a book value of 15,600,000. Tax loss =(15,600,000-5,000,000)*35%=3,710,000. We can calculate total cash flows as follows: Assume that Ocean Carriers uses a 9% discount rate, NPV is negative. So Ms Linn should not purchase the $39M capsize. b) Assume Ocean Carriers is located in Hong Kong, we can calculate total cash flows as follows: Assume that Ocean Carriers uses a 9% discount rate, NPV is positive. So Ms Linn should purchase the $39M capsize. 5) I think it is a good policy to sell the vessel into the secondhand market, or â€Å"scrap† the vessel just before the third special survey. By carrying out this policy, the company could avoid heavy capital expenditures of the third, fourth and fifth surveys. At the same time, the company could benefit from the scrap value of $5M. In addition, the company could charge higher daily hire rates because vessels are comparatively younger. So I think the company’s policy of not operating ships over 15 years old is good.

Roosevelt was bold Essays

Roosevelt was bold Essays Roosevelt was bold Essay Roosevelt was bold Essay March 4th 1933 brought the 32nd president of the USA (Franklin Delano Roosevelt) to power. The new president was said to be bold but not bold enough. His role in the New Deal is opinionated by James T Patterson in 1989 (Source A). The source shows and highlights all of Roosevelts good points and expresses his care for America. By managing to stabilise Germany and bring her out of the depression, he gained confidence in the American society. Looking at the letter from an American citizen to Roosevelt (Source B) you can clearly see the effect Roosevelt had on America with his many Deals. Roosevelts original priorities were; Relief for the old, sick an unemployed, a reduction in unemployment numbers to a bare minimum, and to avoid the great depression again (relief, recovery and reform). Some believe that although Roosevelt had many ideas, he was not bold enough to fully succeed in them. Roosevelt began his political career with the Emergency Banking Act, which helped bring America out of the depression. Roosevelt had realised that he had to restore faith in the capitalist business system. To help America to recover, he needed people to start investing in industry once again. But before he could achieve this, banks had to be seen stable again. On March 6th, the president ordered a four-day bank holiday in which all banks would close. He then managed to get the Emergency Banking Act passed by congress on Sunday 12th March. Roosevelt followed up his actions by his first fire-side chats (which are mentioned once again in source A). Roosevelt made a very dramatic effect in this fire-side chat. He restored confidence in the American people. Slowly but surely, people began to return money to banks. Roosevelt had given the American society hope and faith. Source I is a speech made by the president on 6th Jan 1941. His confidence and strong personality gave Roosevelt votes. After the Emergency Banking Act, the first 100 days began. This period of time is believed to be a unique period in American history. It was a time when the president and his team made a number of new laws that were all passed by congress, Roosevelts first focal point was restoring and protecting the environment. The Civilian Conservation Corps (shown in Source D), did just this. It was set up to supply work for unemployed 18-25 year old men on conservation schemes. The men were provided with food and shelter along with a wage of $30 per month ($25 of which was sent home). Over 9years, over 2million young men benefited from the work. However, the scheme received much criticism from critics and Trade Union Leaders. In the main, Roosevelt succeeded in his early Presidential years in making America a country of higher standards. Source H was made and financed by big American companies. The Big companies in fact opposed the new deal but used its success to exploit themselves. The Big Companies were not the only opposition of the New Deal. Conservatives backed up the opinion of businessmen that the New Deal interfered with their freedom to manage their businesses the way they wanted. The rich citizens of America were charged extra taxes, much to their disgust. The press disliked Roosevelt being a socialist and a communist. Socialists and communists even criticised the New Deal for not helping the poor and underprivileged enough. With all these enemies of the New Deal it is not surprising the complete opposite view Source G represents to Source C. Roosevelts main priorities of the New Deal involved reducing the numbers of unemployment levels in America. This was not succeeded and in fact the amount of unemployed reached a staggering 24.9% at the end of 1933. In his first year of power, unemployment did not suffer any change for the better. Although the numbers were reduced (Source E) over the next four years, 1938 saw a sudden increase in unemployment. It seems that the success of reducing unemployment had come to an end, along with Roosevelt when he unfortunately died in 1945. There are many different opinions on the success of the New Deal and the boldness of Roosevelt. My opinion is that Roosevelt was bold enough to make it a total success. Although he did not manage to completely solve the problems of America and the depression. He gave millions hope and the will to carry on. Roosevelts boldness will always remain a matter of opinion.

Management Levels, Functions, Roles, and Skills Coursework

Management Levels, Functions, Roles, and Skills - Coursework Example The first level of management is strategic management, operated by superior management, dealing with policymaking, crisis handling, and direction-setting. The decisions made at this level would be typical for a longer period. The second level is tactical management, performed by middle-line managers along with establishing ways to the corporate ends, activating resources and innovating. The decisions made at this level would work probably for a year. Thirdly, operational management is executed by supervisors and deals with daily activities.   Management functions include planning which entails the determination of strategies, objectives, policies, schedules and procedures and collection of resources. A function of organizing incorporates the arrangement of tasks and the setup of authority levels, information channels, and the division of tasks into groups. Moreover, in the command function, the management has to prescribe orders to subordinates to help them complete the objectives. Further, coordinating incorporates the procedure of synchronization of the goals of organization, individuals, and groups as well. Additionally, in the function of controlling, the management is liable to supervise the operations being executed and recognizes and corrects errors.   There are three types of roles that are performed by the managers. Initially, managers perform the roles of interpersonal. This role is largely dependent on the manager’s rank. This role entails three subdivisions, namely, figurehead, leader, and liaison. Secondly, the role of being informational makes the managers access all inner and outer channels of communication. Thirdly, the role of being decisional allows managers to take decisions of the organization. It can be further sub fractioned into an entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allotter, and negotiator.  

Behavioural Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Behavioural Studies - Essay Example The definition highlights that organisational stakeholders will have similar overall goals and objectives but there will be some key differences not only in the importance placed on each but also how the organisation achieves them. An organisation's stakeholders can include an almost endless list of employee's, suppliers, customers, shareholders etc that can be broken down and sorted into various groups with independent goals and objectives designed to meet their own view of effective organisational behaviour. An example of stakeholder conflict can be seen at The Countryside Agency, a government body with the aim of 'improving the quality of the Countryside for those who use it and the quality of life for people in rural communities'. Simply by dissecting the aim of the body it is possible to see that there are clearly conflicting interests at an organisational level because it is trying to satisfy two major external groups at the outset by balancing the needs of those who live in Th e Countryside with those who visit it. Internal stakeholders such as the finance department view their role as ensuring that any public money that has been spent was justifiable and recorded and stored accurately. This is often to the annoyance of the Policy work areas who feel stronger about improving the countryside than the bureaucratic process of justifying and recording public spending often seeing the financial procedures as a time consuming hindrance. This conflict means that each stakeholder will have a different view of whether the organisation is successful or not and will have different solutions to what they individually see as being the key obstacles to success. When looking at how the management of people can contribute to effective organisational behaviour, development and good health through leadership it is important to establish the differences between management and leadership. Some theorists hold the opinion that leadership is one area of the management role and in order to be a successful manager they must possess some leadership skills by default. The argument for differentiating between leaders and managers was started by Zaleznik (1977, 2004) in 'Manager and Leaders: Are they different' where he argued "the difference between managers and leaders lies in the conceptions they hold, deep in their psyches, of chaos and order". A more recent argument suggests that "a manager can be regarded as someone who by definition is assigned a position of leadership in an organisation" (Buchanan and Huczynski, 1985). This definition suggests that managers are in positions of leadership but may not necessarily be leaders. The definition therefore suggests that leadership is in some way an extension of the management function. In 'what leaders really do' Kotter (1990, 2001) argues that "Leadership is not necessarily better than management. Rather leadership and management are two distinctive and complementary systems of action. Each has its own function and characteristic activities". In the article Kotter identifies what he sees as the key functions of leadership and management. Management roles are concerned with "bringing a degree of order and consistency to key dimensions like the quality and profitability of products" (Kotter, 1990, 2001). Key aspects of the management

Public vs Private Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public vs Private - Research Paper Example (IFA, 2010) As a public sector manager, establishing solutions to the company should be based on the element of identifying and solving individual problems; not using a solution to solve multiple problems. Each problem cannot be viewed as identical, and as a result each problem will have its own unique solution. In the public sector, the government will seek to find a unitary solution for a multitude of problems and thus is the reason as to why the problems may only be solved in the short term or even not solved at all. It is for that reason the public sector manager must seek to solve problems on an individual analysis. This will aid in the manager providing a long-term solution to the problems that may ail the company (Infor, 2011.). The essential factor is the efficiency of the company and a SWOT analysis of the company will be essential to avoid catalyzing the collapse of the company. Making sure that the each and every problem of the firm is looked into will facilitate the improvement in the function of the company. Another factor that the manager will require to integrate into the company is innovation. In many public sector companies, operations are carried out in an archaic manner as the government puts little or no emphasis on the improvement of a company’s operations. This is something that is evident in the methodologies and functions of several government owned firms, and it is something that benefits the private sector, whose constant search for improvement on their operations and products has resulted in the increased demand for products and services from the private sector. (Infor, 2011). As a public sector manager innovation is always essential in any business circle, and therefore it is important to constantly seek ways and means of improving the fortunes of the corporation; be it in terms of business model, structure, product development or even the product or service in production. Again this will be essential, but to

Macroeconomic Environment of Business Case Study

Macroeconomic Environment of Business - Case Study Example This paper seeks to address whether the expected advantages of the euro as a single currency for Europe was achieved, while in the process, we expect to discover the reasons behind. The euro was introduced in the financial market back in 1999. It is the culmination of the three-stage European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) which aims to coordinate economic policies. There was a three-year transition period and, after, national currencies from participating countries ceased to exist. Today, states seeking membership to the European Union must adopt this currency as a requirement within varying timetables in the span of ten years based on specified economic factors. The United Kingdom and Denmark, however, is exempted to this policy. Ideally, there is a list of economic advantages in using euro in the European Union. Foremost of this is that it is said to be a tool for political solidarity. On the economic front the following are some of the most important output: As mentioned beforehand, problems not previously anticipated emerged with the introduction of the euro. For instance, a minimal rise in inflation was expected only during the transition period, but until now, Europeans are complaining about skyrocketing prices in commodities. On a more general scale, we have also a report by the Centre for European Policy Studies that the euro is responsible for Italy's plunge into a full-blown recession. (Browne, 2005) In Germany the euro is also believed to have failed in invigorating employment statistics or curb rising prices, insolvencies and general stagnation of the economy. Not just economic managers but senior government officials have floated around the idea of a return to national currencies as a way out of their current economic woes. What is worse, unofficial currencies are currently being circulated in some parts of Germany to replace the euro in business transactions. Vissol (1999, p. 75) tells us that "the short term economic benefit s accruing to consumers through the transition to the euro concern only the minority of consumers who travel and/or cross the borders." He argued that the long term benefits are uncertain and difficult to put across unless an explanation could be given on how the euro will guide the future payment community as a sovereign community and a value system shared by the vast majority. At present, the global economy is recovering but the Eurozone is lagging behind, posting a meager 1% growth. The Germans are fearful of losing their jobs; Italy is on recession while inflation is high. So one might say, there is more than a hint of failure here and euro is in the thick of things. While officials are running around Europe trying to dispel the rumor that the euro is going down the drain, economic managers' prediction and finance ministers' slips shows otherwise or at the very least express trouble. Milestones But if there were a question on whether the euro has been successful so far, the answer would still be indefinite especially if we are to use the foregoing in quantifying a

Database Design of Healthcare Management System

Database Design of Healthcare Management System CHAPTER THREE SYTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 3.0 INTRODUCTION Hospital and healthcare services in general are round-the-neck communities with scores of staff, patients and systems that need constant monitoring and integration with each other. They are demanding places where situations change suddenly and rapid responses are essential. For this reason a fully integrated communications strategy and system is vital to maintain high levels of service and care for patients for mutual gains. In this chapter, discussion would be based on the existing system. First, the existing system would be compared with proposed system. Secondly, the weakness and drawbacks of the existing system shall also be discussed 3.1 INVESTIGATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM The current procedure of accessing healthcare is running on paper operating in â€Å"batch modes distributed medical data is less than l00% accurate and will in turn limit the accuracy in the medical symptom, diagnosis and treatment in emergency cases within the health sector. Poor information storage or the complete lack of it in some cases. Poor collaborative forecasting methods leading to slow order turnaround treatment for patients in dire need of these services Poor management decision in critical rescue period. When doctors needs any records the admin/nurse fetches patients file details in know what kind of problem they are complaining about The current system does not give room for proper accounting, planning, management of resources you cannot even integrate it with the current accounting system No existing or current reports module to help management for proper planning, decision taken, for future plans of the hospital FIG. 3.0 The data flow diagram for the current system 3.2 CRITIQUES OF EXISTING SYSTEM The drawbacks of the existing system are: Inability to have accurate inventory status report It is cumbersome and time-consuming to track patients The general lack of ability to generate instance patients medical history reports on all will affect doctors performance and treatment rate Lack of proper handling of medical records Too much paper materials involved and this results into unnecessary costs Insecurity of Records Workers safety is not guarantee 3.2.1FEW ADVANTAGES OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM The existing current system has the following advantages: It is easier for everyone to use specially people that are not computer literate It is cheaper for hospitals because there will be no need to procure computer hardware and software for Asset Management 3.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM The proposed system will take advantage of information technology tools and capabilities to enhance and automate medical information management for all staff and patients alike. The proposed system will improve system functionalities and bring new capabilities to hospital information management controls 3.4 BUSINESS REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROPOSED SYSTEM This section outlines the general and functional features mandatory for the applications proposed. Functional Module Requirements; Each hospital observed operates the following high level processes and the system must cater for the following: 3.4.0FAMILY MEDICINE This is a modules designed to keep every record relating to patients. This module contains two features which include: (i) Find a patient record; the patient record is a form which contains every information about: the patient the patient next of kin information service payment option, and employment information (ii) New patient registration; It creates an avenue to enable the record, the treatment given, the clinic been referred to, the mode of payment, etc to be properly stored and retrieved. 3.4.1HUMAN RESOURCES This is a list that contain the names of the personnel (user name) assigned to operate a specific module. The human resources are of two folds namely; Personnel manager; It is a list that contains the details about the management Staff of various departments. Recruit new personnel; this is a form that ensures that newly recruited personnel information is been stored. 3.4.2SCHEDULE The schedule describes the appointment directory. It shows all appointment schedules between calendar months. Admission Centres; These environment comprise of Waiting list Ward, Ward occupancy and bed Nurses list Report and history Waiting List; It shows the list of patients to be admitted to various wards. Nurses List; It is a list that shows the details of the nurses staff and their department. Report and History; It is a list that shows all discharged patients in a particular ward. 3.4.3PHARMACY Pharmacy is a module that contains two major features namely: pharmaceutical centre and stocks management. The pharmaceutical centre has two folds namely: pending orders and pharmaceutical index. While the stock management has eight folds namely: warehouse stocks, stock diary, category management, products management, stocks movement, patients’ order history, stock movement history and diary history. Pending Order; These gives room for the user to view/access the pending orders. Pharmaceutical Index; This enables the user view all pharmacy stock items. To find a stock, entre the barcode and click on find. Ware House Stock; This is an integral part of the stock management designed to view all current warehouse stock. To find a stock: Entre the barcode and click on find. Stock Diary: This is a function of stock management designed to enter the new stock diary. To enter the new stock diary: 3.4.4SPECIALTY CLINIC This is a module that gives information about the various clinics and the patients been referred there. This is of two folds; Pending referred patients, and Find a patient 3.4.5TOOLS AND ENQUIRIES Tools and enquiry is a module that ensures an access to view service fees, telephone directory, and current admitted patients. Service Fees Environment: view service fees environment enables you to view all configure service fees which include service name, amount, department, allow HMO. Telephone Directories: Telephone directories are an environment which enables you to view all phone directories both previous and next record. Current Admitted Patients; The environment enables you to have an access to currently admitted patients details both previous and next record. 3.4.6ACCOUNT AND FINANCE This is a module design to enable one keep and retrieve all information relating to account and finance. This module has six basic features which include: Pending receivables, expenditures, daily cash book, bank account, service fees, reports Pending Receivables; This is an environment that enables you to have an access to pending service fee payments. An environment will be displayed in which the menu bar at the left hand side of the page headed account/ financial mode contains six departments namely: pending receivables, expenditure, daily cashbook, bank accounts, services fees and reports. This enables a user to view and receive pending service payment. Expenditure; It enables users to record new expenditure. Daily Cash Book; It enables user to post cashbook for all department. Bank Account; It enable user to manage bank account. It shows all banks and balance details. It also creates a room for the addition of a new bank account. Service Fees; It enables user to view all service fees/charges Report; It enable user to view financial reports such as the receivable reports, expenses reports and cashbook reports between calendar months. 3.4.7SYSTEM This is an environment designed to enable an individual have access to: system usage logs, user’s rights access control, backup HMS database. System Usage Logs; This is an integral part of system which shows the various event date, event performed, user IP address, event time and department accessed. Users Rights And Access Control; This is an environment designed to show all system users account. Category Management; This enables the user to manage stock category. Product Management; This enables the stock details to be managed. Stock Movement; This aid in the movement of stock from ware house to store, this operation is performed simply by filling in the blank spaces provided and clicking on perform movement. Stock Movement History; This helps to view all stock movement history. it shows stock / item name, batch ID, units moved, the date and notes. Dairy History; This helps to view all stock dairy history. My Account Information; This is a menu bar located at the left hand side and it is accessible in every module. It comprises of: waiting list appointment, my usage / access logs, personal data, change password, and log out from HMS. My Waiting List/ Appointment; this is a waiting list designed to view all appointments and schedules. My Usage/ Access Logs; this enables one to view all system usage history. Click on usage / access logs at the left hand side of the menu bar to view all system usage history. At the top right hand corner is next and previous, click on the next and previous to view the next and previous system usage history. This enables the system administrator to have an overview of the various event date, the event performer, event performed, the user IP address, the event time and the department accessed. 3.4.8PERSONAL DATA This enables an individual to view and update his personal information such as: Name, DoB/Age, Gender, Hospital/Clinic Registration Number, Occupation, Addresses, Telephone Number, Stage of Origin, Religion, Next of Kin information and Date. Patient Bio Data; A form which contains the information of the patient, next of kin information, and employment information will be displayed. Medical Record; As the name implies, it deals with the patient’s medical history. 3.5START-OFF THE PROJECT The project implantation will be done using: Dreamweaver Software PHP Programming language Java script MySQL Database server XAMP server Microsoft Window 7 OS 3.6 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM It will help management to better monitor patients registration in the system Periodic accident and injury analysis can now be carried out Patients health history can now be monitored Very fast and accurate therefore reduce administrative overheads Maximize customer value and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage Eliminate obsolete business processes Speed up hospital production and responsiveness to incidents It will facilitates treatment of patients as patients history can now easily be retrieved from the system Because it is web based patients last update medical information csn be retrieved even if the patient goes to another hospital. It will give the doctors options of referring patients to other doctors completely automated It will allow hospital Management can plan better and make accurate and informed decisions 3.7 DISADVANTAGE OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM It will lead to unemployment Its only good for those that are computer literates, Nurses and doctors may not be familiar with the technology It may cost more money and infrastructure investment on the part of management Nurses and doctors are unfamiliarity with technology Hackers may ultimately be able to penetrate system despite security precautions System can be attacked by computer viruses Power failure 3.8 SYSTEM DESIGN Overview of the System; Information/system requirement gathered during the time of carrying out the functional specià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cation requirement and network requirements identified during the initiation and planning phases was put into good use during the design of the application. This project is planned at developing a web-enabled Healthcare information management system (HIMS). 3.8.0FACT FIDING AND REQUIREMENT DISCOVERY This chapter actually presents the method0logy that was used in this study. The methodology chosen followed the already tested and commonly used approach in software engineering and software development life cycle. Actually three key areas were used to get requirement for the Patients medical information system project. The first method was that a review of internet materials related to patient were carried out, I also tried to review specific platform of related design project to ascertain the specific language/platform to use for development of the application. The second most logical direct gathering of information from the hospital visited and used in the study (University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH)). It must be quickly pointed out that the tools used in this case were interviewing of staff, observations of passive ways of these things and simulations of different scenarios. The third method of the requirement gathering was by studying the existing applications presently used and we were then able to understand what is lacking in the present system, what needed to be done and we were then after able to fix a time frame (SCOPE) for the project 3.8.1SYSTEM REQUIREMENT MODELLING An object oriented programming was used for the design of the application. In view of this, and in view of the fact that I intend to design an application that will be user friendly and easily accessible. I feel a web enabled application will be more appropriate since we are not talking of a windows application that will just be installed on a client machine in the office. We therefore focused on planning, which included defining our target audience, purpose, objective, application usage, population and finally application development. The look and feel of the application were considered, navigation browser type validations tools were all analyzed and most importantly client/server architecture was also considered. 3.9APPLICATION ARCHITETURE AND MODEILING Developing a web application requires locus and determined effort on the part of the practitioner in meeting people needs The decision for accomplishing this was based on components based model with a linear approach to application development Specification and decisions objective were into account for example issues like meeting the applications purpose and aim and functionalities. The steps used here acted as an overall development methodology and life cycle which were also dependent upon available tools, time line, and user willingness to be involved in the final testing of the system. Implicit in the methodology adapted was the concept of bringing the Patients medical information system refining the application/system based on user feedback 3.10 DESIGNS INPUT The registration form be was designed as such that it will include all information required about the patients. The following is incorporated into the form: Important fields These are fields that must be filled because they are necessary information need. Return dialog box- This is used to guide against the input of wrong data or format in some fields especially the compulsory fields. A sample of patient record been patient record interface is shown below 3.11FLOW CHAT DIAGRAM OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 3.12DATABASE DESIGN OF THE HEATLHCARE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 3.12.0 ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL Entity Relationship Diagram: A representation of data Entity-relationship modeling is a database modeling method, used to produce a type of conceptual schema of a system, often a relational relationship, and its requirements in a top down fashion Diagrams created by this process are called entity-relationship diagrams, ER diagrams or ERDs. Also it can also be defined as a specialized graphic that illustrates the interrelationships between entities in a database ER diagrams often use symbols to represent three different types of information. Boxes re commonly used to represent entities. Diamonds are normally used to represent relationships and ovals are used to represent attributes. 3.12.1OVERVIEW According to CHEN (Wikipedia), information system design uses these models during the requirements analysis to describe information needs or the type of information that is to be tored in a database. The data modeling technique can be used to describe any ontology (i.e. an overview and classifications of used terms and their relationships) for a a certain area of interest. In the case of the design of an information system that is based on a database, the conceptual data model is, at a later stage (usually called logical design), mapped to a logical data model, such as the relational model; this in turn is mapped to a physical model during physical design. An entity may be a physical object such as a customer transaction or order. Although the term entity is the one most commonly used, following Chen, we should really distinguish between an entity and entity-type. An entity-type is a category. An entity, strictly speaking, is an instance of a given entity-type. There are usually many instances. 3.12.2 WHAT LEAD TO ER DIAGRAM Once the data has been created in the database the ER diagram will show the relationship between each table created they all have to link to each other. It could be one to many relationship, many to many or one to one relationship, there is always a unique field in the system and in this case it is the patients registration number identifying the patients anywhere in the system. We can retrieve the patient’s records once this registration number generated during registration is known.